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Academic Reading Test 6
Function 1
Why do people collect things?
People from near every civilization beloved collecting things. They might collect stamps, books, cards, priceless paintings or worthless ticket stubs to old sports games. Their collection might hang on the walls of a mansion or be stored in a box under the bed. So what is it that drives people to collect? Psychologist Dr Maria Richter argues that urge to collect is a bones homo characteristic. According to her, in the very beginning years of life we form emotional connections with lifeless objects such as soft toys. And these positive relationships are the starting point for our fascination with collecting objects. In fact, the desire to collect may go back further withal. Scientists suggest that for some aboriginal humans living hundreds of thousands of years ago, collecting may accept had a serious purpose. Only by collecting sufficient food supplies to last though freezing winters or dry summers could our ancestors stay alive until the conditions improved.
It turns out that fifty-fifty collecting for pleasure has a very long history. In 1925, the archaeologist Leonard Woolley was working at a site in the historic Babylonian city of Ur. Woolley had travelled to the region intending only to excavate the site of a palace. Instead, to his astonishment, he dug upward artefacts, which appeared to belong to a ii,500- year-former museum. Among the objects was part of a statue and a piece of a local edifice. And accompanying some of the artefacts were descriptions similar mod-day labels. These texts appeared in 3 languages and were carved into pieces of clay. It seems likely that this early private collection of objects was created by Princess Ennigaldi, the daughter of Rex Nabonidus. Notwithstanding, very niggling else is known almost Princess Ennigaldi or what her motivations were for setting upwards her collection.
This may have been i of the offset large private collections, only it was not the last. Indeed, the fashion for establishing collections actually got started in Europe effectually ii,000 years later on with so-chosen 'Cabinets of Curiosities'. These were collections, ordinarily belonging to wealthy families that were displayed in cabinets or small rooms. Cabinets of Curiosities typically included fine paintings and drawings, but equal importance was given to exhibits from the natural world such as fauna specimens, shells and plants.
Some significant individual collections of this sort date from the fifteenth century. One of the first belonged to the Medici family. The Medicis became a powerful political family in Italy and subsequently a regal house, but banking was originally the source of all their wealth. The family started by collecting coins and valuable gems, then artworks and antiques from around Europe. In 1570 a secret 'studio' was built inside the Palazzo Medici to house their growing drove. This exhibition room had solid walls without windows to keep the valuable collection safe.
In the seventeenth century, some other fabled collection was created by a Danish physician name Ole Worm. His drove room contained numerous skeletons and specimens, as well as aboriginal texts and a laboratory. Ane of Ole Worm's motivations was to point out when other researchers had fabricated mistakes, such as the simulated merits that birds of paradise had no feet. He also owned a great auk, species of bird that has now become extinct, and the illustration he produced of information technology has been of value to later scientists.
The passion for collecting was just as potent in the nineteenth century. Lady Charlotte Guest spoke at least six languages and became well-known for translating English language books into Welsh. She also travelled widely throughout Europe acquiring old and rare pottery, which she added to her collection at dwelling in southern England. When Lady Charlotte died in 1895 this collection was given to the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. At effectually the same time in the north of England, a wealthy goldsmith named Joseph Mayer was building up an enormous drove of artefacts, specially those dug upward from sites in his local expanse. His legacy, the Mayer Trust, continues to fund public lectures in accordance with his wishes.
In the twentieth century, the writer Beatrix Potter had a magnificent drove of books, insects, plants and other botanical specimens. Well-nigh of these were donated to London'southward Natural History Museum, merely Beatrix held on to her cabinets of fossils, which she was particularly proud of. In the United Stats, President Franklin D. Roosevelt began his stamp collection every bit a child and continued to add to it all his life. The stress associated with being president was easier to cope with, Roosevelt said, by taking time out to focus on his drove. By the end of his life this had expanded to include model ships, coins and artworks.
Most of us volition never own collections so large or valuable every bit these. Nonetheless, the examples given here suggest that collecting is a passion that has been shared past endless people over many centuries.
Role 2
Making Documentary Films
A For much of the twentieth century, documentary films were over adumbral past their more than successful Hollywood counterparts. For a number of reasons, documentaries were frequently ignored by critics and film studies courses at universities. Firstly, the very idea of documentary film made some people suspicious. Equally the critic Dr Helmut Fischer put it, 'Documentary makers might have ambitions to tell the "truth" and show only "facts" but there is no such affair as a non-fiction film. That'south because, every bit soon as you record an incident on camera, you are altering its reality in a primal way'. Secondly, even supporters of documentaries could non agree on a precise definition, which did little to meliorate the reputation of the genre. Lastly, in that location were too concerns nearly the ethics of filming subjects without their consent, which is a necessity in many documentary films.
B None of this prevented documentaries from being produced, though exactly when the process started is open to question. It is often claimed that Nanook of the North was the first documentary. Fabricated by the American filmmaker Robert J. Flaherty in 1922, the movie depicts the difficult, sometimes heroic lives of native American peoples in the Canadian Arctic. Nanook of the Due north is said to take ready off a trend that continued though the 1920s with the films of Dziga Vertov in the Soviet Union and works past other filmmakers around the world. However, that 1922 starting point has been disputed by supporters of an earlier engagement. Among this group is moving picture historian Anthony Berwick, who argues that the genre can be traced dorsum as early every bit 1895, when similar films started to appear, including newsreels, scientific films and accounts of journeys of exploration.
C In the years post-obit 1922, one detail way of documentary started to announced. These films adopted a serious tone while depicting the lives of actual people. Cameras were mounted on tripods and subjects rehearsed and repeated activities for the purposes of the film. British filmmaker John Grierson was an important member of this group. Grierson'south career lasted nearly forty years, beginning with Drifters (1929) and culminating with I Remember, I Think (1968). Still, by the 1960s Grierson'southward style of picture show was being rejected by the Straight Cinema movement, which wanted to produce more than natural and accurate films: cameras were hand-held; no additional lighting or sound was used; and the subjects did not rehearse. Co-ordinate to film author Paula Murphy, the principles and methods of Direct Cinema brought documentaries to the attention of universities and film historians as never before. Documentaries started to be recognized as a distinct genre worthy of serious scholarly assay.
D Starting in the 1980s, the widespread availability of first video and and then digital cameras transformed filmmaking. The flexibility and low price of these devices meant that anyone could now be a filmmaker. Amateurs working from home could compete with professionals in ways never possible before. The appearance of online movie-sharing platforms in the early 2000s only increased the new possibilities for amateur documentaries were beingness fabricated, mayhap the almost popular documentary of 2006 was notwithstanding the professionally made An Inconvenient Truth. New cameras and digital platforms revolutionised the making of films. Merely as critic Maria Fiala has pointed out, ' The arguments sometimes put forward that these innovations immediately transformed what the public expected to see in a documentary isn't entirely accurate.'
Eastward However, a new generation of documentary filmmakers then emerged, and with them came a new philosophy of the genre. These filmmakers moved abroad from highlighting political themes or urgent social issues. Instead the focus moved inwards, exploring personal lives, relationships and emotions. It could be argued that Catfish (2010) was a perfect instance of this new trend. The moving-picture show chronicles the everyday lives and interactions of the social media generation and was both a commercial and critical success. Filmmaker Josh Camberwell maintains that Catfish embodies a new realization that documentaries are inherently subjective and that this should be celebrated. Says Camberwell, 'It is a requirement for documentary makers to express a item viewpoint and requite personal responses to the textile they are recording.'
F The popularity and variety of documentaries today is illustrated past the big number of movie festivals focusing on the genre effectually the earth. The biggest of all must be Hot Docs Festival in Canada, which over the years has showcased hundreds of documentaries from more than 50 dissimilar countries Even older is the Hamburg International Brusk Pic Festival. As its name suggests, Hamburg specializes in curt films, just 1 category takes this to its limits – entries may not exceed 3 minutes in duration. The Brusque and Sweet Festival is a slightly smaller event held in Utah, U.s.a.. The modest size of the festival means that for first timers this is the ideal venue to effort to get some recognition for their films. Then there is the Atlanta Shortsfest, which is a great event for a wide multifariousness of filmmakers. Atlanta welcomes all established types of documentaries and recognises the growing popularity of animations, with a category specifically for films of this type. These are just a few of the scores of motion picture festivals on offer, and there are more being established every year. All in all, it has never been easier for documentary makers to get their films in front end of an audition .
Function 3
Jellyfish: A Remarkable Marine Life Grade
When viewed in the wild, jellyfish are maybe the most graceful and vividly coloured of all body of water creatures. But few people have seen a jellyfish living in its natural habitat. Instead, they might see a dead and shapeless specimen lying on the beach, or mayhap receive a painful sting while swimming, so it is inevitable that jellyfish are often considered ugly and possibly unsafe. This misunderstanding tin be partly traced back to the 20th century, when the utilize of massive nets and mechanical winches often damaged the delicate jellyfish that scientists managed to recover. As a issue, disappointingly little research was carried out into jellyfish, as marine biologists took the easy option and focused on physically stronger species such as fish, crabs and shrimp. Fortunately, nevertheless, new techniques are at present being developed. For example, scientists have discovered that sound bounces harmlessly off jellyfish, and so in the Arctic and Kingdom of norway researchers are using sonar to monitor jellyfish below the ocean's surface. This, together with aeroplane surveys, satellite imagery and underwater cameras, has provided a wealth of new information in recent years.
Scientists know believe that in shallow water alone there are at least 38 million tonnes of jellyfish and these creatures inhabit every blazon of marine habitat, including deep water. Furthermore, jellyfish were once regarded equally relatively solitary, but this is another expanse where scientific discipline has evolved. Dr Karen Hansen was the outset to propose that jellyfish are in fact the centre of unabridged ecosystems, equally shrimp, lobster, and fish shelter and feed amongst their tentacles. This proposition has subsequently been conclusively proven past independent studies. Dna sequencing and isotope assay accept provided further insights, including the identification of numerous boosted species of jellyfish unknown to scientific discipline only a few years ago.
This brings us to the issue of climate modify. Research studies around the globe accept recorded a massive growth in jellyfish populations in recent years and some scientists have linked this to climate change. Notwithstanding, while this may be apparent, it cannot be established with certainty equally other factors might be involved. Related to this was the longstanding bookish conventionalities that jellyfish had no predators and therefore there was no natural procedure to limit their numbers. Even so, observations made by Paul Dewar and his squad showed that this was incorrect. As a result, the scientific community now recognises that species including sharks, tuna, swordfish and some salmon all prey on jellyfish.
Information technology is still widely assumed that jellyfish are amongst the simplest lifeforms, as they no brain or key nervous system. While this is true, we at present know they possess senses that permit them to meet, experience and interact with their environment on subtle ways. What is more, analysis of so-called 'upside-down jellyfish' shows that they shut down their bodies and rest in much the same way that humans do at night, something in one case widely believed to be incommunicable for jellyfish. Furthermore, far from 'floating' in the h2o every bit they are still sometimes thought to practice, assay has shown jellyfish to exist the most economical swimmers in the animal kingdom. In curt, scientific progress in recent years has shown that many of our established beliefs about jellyfish were inaccurate. Jellyfish, though, are non harmless. Their sting can cause a serious allergic reaction in some people and big outbreaks of them – known as 'blooms' – can damage tourist businesses, break line-fishing nets, overwhelm fish farms and cake industrial cooling pipes. On the other paw, jellyfish are a source of medical collagen used in surgery and wound dressings. In add-on, a particular protein taken from jellyfish has been used in over 30,000 scientific studies of serious diseases such every bit Alzheimer'south. Thus, our relationship with jellyfish is complex as there are a range of conflicting factors to consider.
Jellyfish have existed more than or less unchanged for at least 500 million years. Scientists recognise that over the planet'due south history there take been three major extinction events connected with irresolute ecology weather. Together, these destroyed 99% of all life, only jellyfish lived through all three. Enquiry in the Mediterranean Sea has now shown, remarkably, that in sometime age and on the betoken of death, certain jellyfish are able to revert to an earlier concrete state, leading to the exclamation that they are immortal. While this may not technically exist true, it is certainly an extraordinary discovery. What is more, the oceans today contain 30% more poisonous acid than they did 100 years ago, causing problems for numerous species, but non jellyfish, which may fifty-fifty thrive in more acidic waters. Jellyfish throughout their long history have shown themselves to be remarkably resilient.
Studies of jellyfish in course know as scyphozoa have shown a life cycle of iii distinct phases. Kickoff, thousands of babies known as planulae are released. Them, later a few days the planulae develop into polyps – stationary lifeforms that feed off floating particles. Finally, these are transformed into something that looks like a stack of pancakes, each of which is a tiny jellyfish. Information technology is at present understood that all species of jellyfish go through similarly singled-out stages of life. This is further prove of just how sophisticated and unusual these lifeforms are.
Answers
(Q.i to Q.10)
1. True
2. Truthful
3. False
4. Truthful
5. Not Given
half dozen. False
7. banking
8. chemical composition
9. windows
10. analogy
(Q.eleven to Q.twenty)
11. lectures
12. fossils
13. stress
14. iv
15. 7
16. i
17. 8
18. v
xix. iii
20. D
(Q.21 to Q.thirty)
21. C
22. A
23. E
24. three minutes / 3 minutes
25. first timers / 1st timers
26. animations
27. No
28. Yes
29. Non Given
thirty. No
(Q.31 to Q.40)
31. Non Given
32. Yes
33. B
34. A
35. C
36. B
37. C
38. E
39. A
40. D
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I am going to join duscussion
Very very poor, most of the answers exercise not match to this. Totally time waste product ieltstester.com
Faria Waseem
eight months ago
question viii and 9 doesn't seems to exist correct ,Instead of illustration it should be POTTERY, and despite of chemical composition their should be Windows.
#10. Lady Charlotte Invitee created a drove ILLUSTRATION…… IN THE PARAGRAPH THEY DIDNT MENTION Annihilation ABOUT ILLUSTRATIONS? TELL ME IN THAT PARAGRAPH WHERE THEY Identify ILLUSTRATIONS. I ONLY READ AND SAW POTTERY.
The question in #8 doesn't seem to fit the correct answer.
At the Palazzio Medici there was a subconscious 'studio' which had no: chemical limerick
THAT DIDNT MAKE Any SENSE
# nine answer likewise didnt make any FVCKING sense.
33/forty, it was a not bad examination, thnx